Changing the Nature of Higher Education Research Paper

Changing the Nature of Higher Education - Research Paper Example n model, there was an approved arrangement for â€Å"College Senate† in one of the foundations, yet the standing rules expressed that the participation could be drawn entirely from the leading group of directs and school governors, and not from the personnel. From these, one can survey that the creation and refinement of the structure is an inheritance of the pilgrim schools which thus characterized and molded the advanced education framework in the United States to the current day. Nonetheless, Thelin (2004) proposes that we do take in numerous direct episodes from Adams about Harvard in 1858. The classes were little and had around one hundred understudies for every class with a complete enlistment of around 500. Its workforce could appreciate a high neighborhood eminence in the general public however were not generously compensated (p.63). This training in the Harvard was actualized with plan to energize them for building up the propensity for self-analysis and even self-que stion. Before the finish of the nineteenth century, different frameworks in the German advanced education, for example, perfect of cutting edge grant and doctoral projects with graduate understudies had impacts over the United States’ advanced education framework. The American college during the 1890s normally was the notable school that was inside redesigned and improved by new projects. It appeared as though a buffet for understudies and a couple of them decided on a bachelor’s qualification from that point. It was the Morril Act of 1862 added to the development of the state school into the college model of unified units (Thelin, p. 104). Nonetheless, the faculty’s training over-burden continued as before even with the venture into new framework. Just token recompenses were allowed for graduate courses and workshops while curricular contributions were for students. The execution of new scholastic frameworks came about... From the plate ussion it is clear thatâ the advanced education in the pilgrim period had been under the organization of sovereigns, rulers, and ministers for a considerable length of time. The workforce at these organizations confronted day by day examination from the authoritative board and got radical methodology from the executives who delegated them. Indeed, as Thelin states, the scholarly opportunity and the privileges of the instructor in regard to the â€Å"hiring and firing† got little thought from the specialists. At this period, a class president normally answered to the leading group of heads as opposed to the faculty. This article focuses on that a main consideration that impacted the adjustments in workforce framework was the commitments made by Charles Eliot. He picked up distinction however frequently alluded as reputation by executing intense modernizations at Harvard College. He presented an elective framework from which a few schools planned arrangements f or electives in understudy educational plan, while others supported a similar course of study. There have been confirms about actualizing more arrangements for specific offices. The personnel distinguishing proof was the factor profoundly affected by the arrangement to aggregate the schools.  The states’ quietness on issues of advanced education grounds improvement during the 1880s was not a consequence of the governments’ lack of engagement towards research, applied science or innovation. It didn't suggest that schools or colleges were frameworks for huge scope government ventures.

Women and Depression Understanding the Gender Gap Free Essays

Discouragement, if gets too extreme turns out to be terrible for an individual. It influences the individual himself as well as influences that person’s family influencing his work or school just as close to home life and his dozing and dietary patterns too. Melancholy additionally influences the prosperity of an individual such that it prompts ceaseless ailments like diabetics. We will compose a custom paper test on Ladies and Depression: Understanding the Gender Gap or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Ladies as a rule imagine that they can work through a downturn all alone, knowing this reality that they experience the ill effects of despondency more regularly than men do. They may misunderstand the possibility that the generally safe related with medicine the executives of discouragement, they may likewise accept that since they are savvy steady individuals an investigator or analyst will be of no guide; these off-base convictions are, lamentably extremely normal. At times drugs for sadness may have disturbing symptoms, for example, a sleeping disorder, tumult, or drowsiness, yet grave impacts are extremely odd. Ladies with a genuine discouragement are enduring, such badly designed, non-life threatening symptoms, which may decrease soon, by and by, are probably going to be considerably more tolerable than untreated wretchedness for a great deal of ladies. Over and over examinations have uncovered that either advising or medicine treatment, or both commonly, are extremely helpful in safely soothing melancholy in the two people. Organic factors behind sadness for ladies There come into view to be critical connections between state of mind changes and regenerative wellbeing occasions, sexual orientation contrasts in cost of misery rise when females experience adolescence and remain high all through the childbearing years and into late center period. Hormonal components seem to play a capacity in a portion of the temperament aggravation rehearsed by ladies, twenty to forty percent of discharging ladies practice premenstrual temper and social changes. Roughly two to 10% of ladies experience Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, as a few as ten to fifteen percent of ladies experience a clinical discouragement all through pregnancy or resulting to the introduction of an infant. There likewise come into view to be an expansion in sorrow during the perimenopausal period. An extra organic issue that may add to sexual orientation contrasts in discouragement can be associated with circadian mood designs, the mind boggling structure that directs rest and activity over every 24-hour time span. Discouraged ladies report more hypersomnia (a lot of dozing) than do men. The job of premenstrual factors in wretchedness Hormonal variances all through the menstrual cycle can cause the regular side effects of premenstrual disorder (PMS), for example crabbiness, weariness, swelling and passionate reactivity. For the majority of the ladies, PMS is nice, yet for various ladies, manifestations are sufficiently brutal to agitate their lives and a determination of premenstrual dysphoric confusion (PMDD) is made. In spite of the fact that the exact connection among sadness and premenstrual disorder stays obscure, some analyzes state that repetitive alterations in progesterone, estrogen and extra hormones can disturb the job of cerebrum synthetic substances for example serotonin that oversee temperament. All things considered, since such hormonal changes occur in most of ladies, yet not all ladies develop misery, hormonal changes can’t be the just explanation of melancholy in ladies. Hereditary inclination or different issues likewise can control the advancement of wretchedness. Post pregnancy anxiety Depression resulting to labor is known as post birth anxiety, hormonal changes may initiate indications of post birth anxiety, while a lady is pregnant, phases of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone supports significantly. In the underlying 24 hours following labor, hormone levels quickly come back to standard. Scientists accept the immense change in hormone levels may direct to sorrow. Levels of thyroid hormones can likewise fall subsequent to conceiving an offspring, which causes indications of sadness. Job of perimenopause and menopause in a woman’s sorrow Perimenopause is the center time frame sooner than menopause, which is set apart by a twelve month’s end of a woman’s menstrual cycle, all through perimenopause, hormones change profoundly and scarcely any ladies feel a modification in state of mind, nervousness and gloom. All through this period of progress, ladies begin contemplating their accomplishments so far, ladies much of the time see this time as a turning end, not exclusively are perimenopausa l ladies analyzing their life so far, they are rehearsing hormonal changes that are impacting them genuinely. Negative and positive job of social and social factors in a woman’s gloom Role strain †Women much of the time experience job strain over conflicting and overpowering duties throughout their life, the extra jobs a lady is relied upon to play (mother, spouse, working lady), the extra defenseless she is to job strain and following pressure and misery. Research indicates that single parents are multiple times more likely than wedded moms to rehearse a scene of principle discouragement. Costello, 1993). Inconsistent force and status †Women’s near absence of intensity and position in the public arena may direct to sentiments of vulnerability, this feeling of defenselessness puts ladies at bigger hazard for discouragement, and these emotions might be irritated by segregation in the work environment prompting underemployment or being without an occupation. An extra causal factor is society’s significance on youth, magnificence, and slimness in ladies, character istics which to an extraordinary level are out of their control. Sexual and physical maltreatment †Women are much bound to be explicitly mishandled than men, and analysts have discovered that sexual maltreatment in youth places one at extended hazard for gloom in development. Higher paces of melancholy are likewise found among victims of assault. Neediness †Poverty is more broad among ladies than men, single parents have the highest paces of destitution transversely all segment gatherings. Destitution is an unforgiving, interminable stressor than can direct to sadness. The positive effects of gloom are that when the ladies need to live with less, they in the long run figure out how to live with it and when they don't have an occupation, they will have all the more extra time to go through with the loved ones. In addition, it is acceptable as it generally offers approach to battle and improves craftsmanship and music. How can one approach getting treatment? Make solid way of life changes Lifestyle adjustments are never simple to make, yet whenever modified can bigly affect misery, self improvement techniques that can be extremely efficacious include: ? create accommodating connections ? customary exercise and adequate rest Healthy, temperament boosting diet ? Stress the executives and practice unwinding strategies ? stand up to negative idea designs Seek proficient assist Professional with aiding contains some type of treatment that offers devices to deal with sorrow from a decent variety of points, various treatments show handy strategies on the be st way to reframe negative musings and utilize conduct capacities in battling wretchedness can likewise help turning out to be through the cause of discouragement, understanding why the person in question feels a specific way, what triggers are for melancholy, and what the individual in question can do to remain sound. Do you think ladies are bound to search out treatment? Why or why not? Ladies, most importantly spouses and little girls, give the greater part of care giving, explicitly in the United States, around 12 million ladies practice sorrow every year, at about double the pace of men. An ongoing report found that numerous ladies don't search for treatment for discouragement since they are humiliated or in invalidation about being discouraged, truth be told, forty one percent of ladies checked on refered to shame or disrespect as impediment to treatment. What do you think it intends to be a lady? Being female has nothing to act with being lesser or below average; it has to do with execution in a God-appointed job, from the initiation, God discloses to us that ladies, similar to men, were shaped in His picture and resemblance, however as both genders are identical in importance and potential, their jobs are various. That’s the motivation behind why people think and act in an alternate manner and that is the reason they look not at all like. â€Å"It isn't fine that the man ought to be unaccompanied; I will make him an assistance meet for him†. Manonly was not a whole creation, he required guide, so God gave him a helpmeet, one who might execute the opposite job †with the goal that unified together the two may transform into one complete tissue. Instructions to refer to Women and Depression: Understanding the Gender Gap, Papers

Tips for Spring 2017 applicants COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Tips for Spring 2017 applicants COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The Spring 2017 application deadline is just two weeks away,  and Im sure many of you are working hard to complete your applications. To help keep you on track as you work on them this weekend as I know you will be! Ive complied a list of blog posts that I know  youre going to love. Some offer essay writing tips, others are reflections from our PAs, but all are going to give you the guidance you need in order to make your admissions application stand out. Happy reading and writing! Don’t forget about these helpful blog posts   This is a great roundup of application tips from last January, and it includes everything from test scores to reference letters. So as a Spring 2017 the information is still extremely relevant since many of the posts directly address the essay questions for the current round. Bookmark this post if you havent already! Eloy’s Top 12 Application Questions   This one is mentioned in the blog post above, but its so great at answering those common email questions, I had to share it twice. Our PAs’ favorite courses at SIPA   short blurbs on the courses our PAs really liked last year. A quick read, but itll give you some great insights into the types of courses offered at SIPA. A follow-up note to recent applicant emails   If youve previously applied to SIPA, thisll be useful as well BONUS!  #SeepleTip One of my personal favorites is a series of Instagram videos that I produced last year, called #SeepleTip. Well be picking up the series sometime this year, but until then make sure you check these out!

Anne Moodys Autobiography Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay

I couldnt believe it, but it was the Klan blacklist, with my picture on it. I guess I must have sat there for about an hour holding it, says Moody in her autobiography Coming of Age in Mississippi. In Moodys response to the blacklist, one pervasive theme from her memoir becomes evident: though she participated in many of the same activist movements as her peers, Moody is separated from them by several things, chief among them being her ability to see the events of the 1960s through a wide, uncolored perspective (pun intended). Whereas many involved on either side of the civil rights movement became caught up in its objectives, Moody kept a level head and saw things as honestly as she could, even if it meant thinking negatively of her†¦show more content†¦While playing, she looks over her white friends privates, and, as is explained in the book, thinks I examined each of them three times, but I didnt see any differences. I still hadnt found that secret. Even as a child, Moody is bright enough to question the role of race in her society. In Part 2 – Teenage years Moody continues to push at the boundaries of society post-childhood, which lead to her getting involved in activist causes as a teen. After the wife of a Klan member mentions the NAACP, Moody asks her mother to tell her more about the organization. Her mother responds with scorn to the situation, refusing to tell her daughter about the NAACP and also telling her never to ask any white person about it either. Nonetheless, Moody asks another adult about the organization and eventually gets a full five hours of history on the movement. Moodys newfound knowledge of the NAACP made her more aware of the time in which she was living; in a sense, gaining a broader world view. She more or less says as much in her memoir when she writes I couldnt go on pretending I was dumb and innocent, pretending I didnt know what was going on. At the time, these views set her apart from not only her classmates, but her family as well. In Part 3 - College Prior to her attendance at her first NAACP convention Moody received a condemning letter from her mother, telling her that she is foolish for getting involved with theShow MoreRelatedAnne Moody s Coming Of Age881 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Moody, Anne. Coming of Age in Mississippi. New York: Dial, 1968. Print.† Anne Moody was a determined, educated, and an inspiring civil rights activist who was born in Gloster, Mississippi. Born on September 15th, 1940-passed away February 5th, 2015 Anne Moody dedicated her life to making the United States a better place for not only African American’s, but pleaded for equality amongst all races as well. Awarded best book of the year in 1969 by the National Library Association, Anne Moody writesRead MoreEssay about The Expansion of the Great Black Migration1253 Words   |  6 Pages Anne Moody: Coming of Age during the Great Black Migration Reviewing the life of a young girl to a woman in Wilkerson County, Mississippi, Coming of Age in Mississippi is an Autobiography written by the civil rights activist Anne Moody. Raised in the 1940s, Anne Moody experienced a point in time where Black codes and Jim Crow laws hindered the expansion of black rights in Southern parts of the United States. Seen to most as an eye opening autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi is AnneRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1206 Words   |  5 PagesAnne Moody’s, â€Å"Coming of Age in Mississippi† is an autobiography of hers that depicts the time of injustice, racial discrimination, oppression and the hardships African Americans dealt with during this time of inequality and how it led to Civil Rights Movement. Anne Moody’s overall life experience since her young age of 4, till her age of 24 of the movement, greatly shows the struggles of the time with uses on her emotional experiences and her ana lyzing skills of her time which did not fail to catchRead MoreAnne Moody s Coming Of Age1189 Words   |  5 PagesAnne Moody is the author of Coming of Age in Mississippi which was originally published in 1968. Anne Moody is a famous African American Mississippi author who was born in Wilkinson County, Mississippi on September 15, 1940. She was the eldest of nine children born to Fred and Elnire Moody. While growing up in Mississippi, Moody attended a segregated school where she was an outstanding scholar. Moody cleaned houses in order to keep food on the table and clothes on her family members’ backs. In 1961Read MoreComing of Age in Mississippi and Segregation Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesComing of Age in Mississippi is an autobiography of the famous Anne Moody. Moody grew up in mist of a Civil Rights Movement as a poor African American woman in rural Mississippi. Her story comprises of her trials and tribulations from life in the South during the rise of the Civil Righ ts movement. Life during this time embraced segregation, which made life for African Americans rough. As an African American woman growing up during the Civil Rights movement, Moody has a unique story on themes likeRead MoreAnne Moody s Coming Of Age Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesAnne Moody, a black activist in the twentieth century, wrote an autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi, which illustrated how life was like growing up poor and black in the rural south. She wrote in details of her life living in the racist society and what it meant to be black in the South twentieth century. Readers were able to understand her personal thoughts as well as her memories of the fight growing up in the south and her involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. Moody grew up with aRead MoreBook Review of Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay514 Words   |  3 Pages Coming of Age in Mississippi is an autobiography by Anne Moody. It is the story of a black girl growing up in Mississippi at a time when racial discrimination was taken for granted and the NAACP movement had no formal name. In her autobiography, Anne Moody displays the hardships of living in the rural south while the Negroes were just starting their fight for equality. Her story is amazing. Life was difficult for all poor Southerners. But for a poor black family with little hope and livingRead MoreComing of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody Essay1223 Words   |  5 PagesAnne Moodys Coming of Age in Mississippi is a narrated autobiography depicting what it was like to grow up in the South as a poor African American female. Her autobiography takes us through her life journey beginning with her at the age of four all the way through to her adult years and her involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. The book is divided into four periods: Childhood, High School, College and The Movement. Each of these periods represents the process by which she came of age withRead MoreAnne Moody s Coming Of Age During Mississippi And Non Violent Vs. Violent Protest For Civil Rights1640 Words   |  7 PagesSamuel Conner Professor M. Du Bois HIST1025-002 October 30, 2015 Dreamers Instead of Leaders: Anne Moody’s Coming of Age in Mississippi and Non-Violent vs. Violent Protest for Civil Rights The American Civil Rights Movement in the late 1950s and 1960s generated massive international following and controversy, which made the movement one of the most important in U.S. history. The movement’s legacy can still be felt today, with the positive aspects, such as voting rights to African Americans and wideRead MoreComing Of Age By Anne Moody1536 Words   |  7 Pagesmeaning to life. They were irrelevant. Whites wanted no part in them. This was especially the case in the state of Mississippi. Anne Moody, writer of the autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi explains the importance of the civil rights movement in the state of Mississippi and the influence it had on her life and her viewpoint. Growing up as a poor African American in Mississippi was not always an easy, especially in the 1960’s. It was a time where everyone was segregated. Blacks and whites were

Minority Health Disparities Type II Diabetes - 1742 Words

Minority Health Disparities: Type II Diabetes in African Americans Shelby Peterson HLTH 236 – 501 Jeff Guidry Texas AM University April 14, 2015 Executive Summary Type II Diabetes in African Americans is a major health disparity that is growing every day and needs to be understood more. According to the American Diabetes Association, African Americans are 1.7 times more likely to have diabetes than non-Hispanic whites (American Diabetes Association). Why is that? Scientist have been extensively trying to answer this question with various studies and experiments. Though it is not yet fully understood, small achievements have been made and answers are constantly being searched for. Testing and early diagnosis, primary prevention, access to care for everyone and improving that quality of care will make a difference in the number of casualties and people being affected in the African American community. Description Type II diabetes is a mixture of both genetic and environmental factors. It is a metabolic disorder that affects the way the body processes blood sugar due to the fact that the body cannot produce enough insulin. The victim often feels fatigued and thirsty that leads to frequent urination. Obesity is believed to be the primary cause of Type II diabetes to those who are genetically predisposed. Based on the American Diabetes Association, non-Hispanic blacks are second in being diagnosed with diabetes with 13.2%. Type II diabetes can come with many effectsShow MoreRelated Health Promotion among Diverse Populations Essays1267 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Health Promotion among Diverse Populations Lisa A. Jennings Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V January 25, 2015 Title Hispanics are the largest and fastest growing ethnic minority group and there are estimated to be about 54 million living in the United States (Office of Minority Health Health Equity, YEAR). The Hispanics are a minority group that struggle every day to survive, to provide for their families, to stay healthy and to live quality lives. This paper will discuss theRead MoreThe Correlation Between Sedentary Life Style And Eating Habits And Development Of Type II Diabetes1363 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of Type II Diabetes in African American young adults under 30 years old.† A Non-Thesis Project Presented to The Faculty of the College of Graduate Studies Lamar University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Health Promotion Brittny Bratcher 12/1/2013 Introduction According to the Centers for Disease Control, diabetes is a metabolic disease that elevates the blood sugar or glucose levels in the blood. Persons with type II diabetes eitherRead MoreType II Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm )1745 Words   |  7 PagesType II Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that influences the physical and social aspects of life for millions of people living in New York City (NYC). The excess accumulation of glucose in the blood caused by this disease can lead to the breakdown of many organs in the human body leading to increased hospitalizations and mortality. Although diabetes is a manageable disease given the appropriate care and education, the disease and its complications disproportionately affect African-AmericansRead MoreDiabetes Among Ethnic Minorities And The Aging Population1420 Words   |  6 PagesThe high number of reported new cases of diabetes yearly among ethnic minorities and the aging population is alarming. According to a report by the Cente r for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National diabetes Statistics Report in 2014, diabetes is high among minorities; 15.9% American Indian/Alaska Native, 13.2% African American and 12.8% Hispanics. This is consistent with the community I worked with during the first part of my clinical rotation. The community of Casa de Merced in TollesonRead MoreEffects Of Diabetes On The United States968 Words   |  4 Pages The American Diabetes Association (2004) defines diabetes as a subset of metabolic diseases associated with hyperglycemia secondary to insulin failing to release, act, or both. Complications related to chronic diabetes can be detrimental to one’s health including but not limited to: heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, amputations, blindness, and other optical diseases. Furthermore, the prevalence of diabetes is rising at an astronomical rate within the United States as well as internationallyRead MoreEpidemiology Paper Part Two : Analysis And Application Ess ay1245 Words   |  5 Pagescare, quality of care and interventions to reduce disparities, and outcomes (Chin, 2005). It is important for the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) to understand identification of â€Å"at risk† populations when moving to develop a plan to intervene and improve statistical health outcomes. This paper will identify an â€Å"at risk† population, address how the health risk for this population can be affected by nursing science, discuss potential barriers to health prevention and promotion activity implementationRead MoreHealthy Food Is Vital On Our Daily Lives1709 Words   |  7 Pagesinadequate â€Å"fresh† vegetables. Followed by all these burdens, there is no surprise that these low income unprivileged communities have the highest prevailing risks of obesity, diabetes, and all other preventable food relating deficiencies. Without access to healthy foods there is the absence of a nutritious diet and good health care is out of reach. Also, in the absence of grocery stores and other retailers, these communities are missing the commercial vitality needed to make neighborhoods livable andRead MoreAmerican-Indians and the United States Health System1556 Words   |  6 Pages American Indians and the United States Health System Introduction Though American Indians are enjoying an independent public health system with above $3 billion funds provided by Congress annually for delivering healthcare services to them, still figure and facts on health status of American Indians reveal that they are facing many difficulties and have to suffer from diverse type of illness and disease at a misappropriate level. Since long it was identified by medical communities that thereRead MoreThe Link Between Poverty And Diabetes1743 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the American Diabetes Association, more Americans die each year from diabetes than from AIDS and breast cancer combined. As a result, researchers have extensively studied the causes, treatments, and interventions for diabetes. Despite efforts to ameliorate its effects, diabetes remains a prevalent danger in society. In 2014, 7% of U.S. adults were living with diagnosed diabetes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). In Louisiana that number was even higher - 10.4%Read MoreInsulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ( Iddm ) Is A Metabolic Disorder Affecting The Endocrine System Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesDiabetes (DM) is a metabolic disorder affecting the endocrine system, the physiognomies consist of either the inability to properly produce and/or use insulin by the body; resulting in unregulated blood sugar (BS) or glucose. This is typically a chronic condition, but there are some outliers that may yield the same results, such as pregnancy, surgery, medication regimen, pancreatic disease and infections. A basic review of the digestive process will help us in understanding this illness; the metabolism

Essay on Biography of Astronomer, Vera Cooper Rubin

Vera Rubin Biography - Vera Cooper Rubin was born July 23, 1928 in Philadelphia, PA. Her father was Philip Cooper, an electrical engineer, and her mother Rose. She first developed an interest in astronomy at the age of 10 while stargazing from her home in Washington D.C. Her father encouraged her to follow her dreams and took her to amateur astronomer meetings. She earned her Bachelor’s degree from Vassar University in 1948 of which she was the only astronomy major that year. Later she earned her master’s from Cornell in 1950 with her masters’ thesis was controversial and centered around the possibility of bulk rotation by looking for â€Å"sideways† motion of galaxies. She finally got her Ph.D. from Georgetown University in 1954. Her doctoral†¦show more content†¦She has been a part of many scientific organizations such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science, The American Philosophical Society, International Astronomical Union, National Academy of S ciences, the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. She is the author to several books and over 200 articles about galaxies and their motions.3 Famous For- She is most notable for providing a great deal of compelling evidence, alongside Dr. Kent Ford, that proved Fritz Zwicky’s Theory of the existence of Dark Matter.2 Zwicky stated that individual galaxies within the Coma Cluster were moving so fast that if they were only held by the gravity of its visible mass that it would escape. Since he found no evidence of the cluster falling apart he concluded that there must be something else holding it together that was nearly 10 times that of visible matter, he called this Dark matter.2 While working with Dr. Ford, they began analyzing the light coming from stars in spiral galaxies. They used what is called the â€Å"Doppler effect† which states the wavelength shift is proportional to the speed of the light source relative to the observer. This uses the wavelength of light in how it is approaching or moving away from the observer. When a light source moves away from you it presents a red color and when it comes toward you it presents a blue light. After measuring several stars in different parts

Foreign Exchage Reserve of Pakistan free essay sample

The reserve assets can be categorized as gold reserve, Unallocated gold reserve, Special drawing rights, currency, Reserve position in the IMF, other transferable deposits, other deposits, debt securities, loans, investments, fund shares and financial derivatives. The quantity of foreign exchange reserves can change the central bank monetary policy but this dynamics is analyzed in the context of the exchange rate . If central bank implements a fixed exchange rate then supply and demand would tend to push the value of the currency lower or higher e. g. n increase in demand for the currency would increase the value and decrease lower and thus the central bank use reserves to maintain its fixed exchange rate. EXCHANGE RATE The rate which one currency will be exchanged for another. Exchange rate affects the foreign exchange reserves and it is adjusted according to the market demand. With the help of exchange rate local currency is adjusted so that it does not create inflation or deflati on in the country. FACTORS AFFECTING FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES FROM 1980 TO 2010 In 1980 there was high foreign exchange reserve. Both exports earnings and home remittances increase beyond the expectations. IMF provides extent fund facility arrangements. In 1981 due to world recession there was crash in the demand, the appreciation of US dollar and slowdown in the home remittances. Exports were reduced due to dollar appreciation there was increase in foreign exchange reserve. In 1982 there were unfavorable conditions but some improvements occurred in economy. Despite the low international trade , exports proceeds are likely to increase because Pakistani rupee was delinked from US dollar. Due to import substitution policy production increases workers remittances increased by 28. 1% all these factors boost the foreign exchange reserve. In 1983, the trade deficit is increased to $3246 million it brings change in exchange rate and currency is depreciated from Rs=9. 90=1$, workers remittances were also low in this period thus low foreign exchange reserve. In 1984 trade deficit was increasing the gap of exchange receipts and expenditures were filled by foreign exchange reserve. After 2 difficult years Pakistan financial position improved in 1985 exports increased by 18. %, workers remittances by 5% while imports fell. With a 24% increase in loans a modest accumulation of external reserves took place. 1n 1887 our current account balance is in deficit and fulfilled by external borrowings. Fund credits and net transactions in the foreign currency accounts deficits with banks also bring change in foreign exchange reserve. In 1988 foreign exchange reserve are started at low lev el which was $875 million. During 1989 home remittances increased by 5 % and thus give positive contribution in improving the payments positions and foreign exchange reserves. Total commitments of foreign loans and grants are estimated to increase by 31%. In 1990 foreign exchange reserves are building up of $271. To cope with the critical reserve positions prime minister announced a number of measures to reform the exchange control and payments system. 1991 at this time foreign exchange reserve reached to a bare minimum then to cope this government made changes in exchange rate, payments systems and these measures shows result and foreign exchange reserve position improved. 1992 heavy rains, flood, attack to leaf curl virus disease on cotton crops, international recessions will give fall in prices. Cash foreign exchange reserve decrease by 5. 77% amounted to $ 602. 8 million. 1993 following measures are taken which results improvements in foreign exchange reserve amounted 12. 1 billion. Control on budgetary deficit, minimizing expenditure, accretion in foreign currency deposits, improvement of aid environments and larger foreign inflow makes foreign exchange reserves. 1995 workers remittances increase from negative to 29. 1%. Fall in commodity aid exports decline, imports coupled higher and devaluation of Pakistan rupee by 7% against US dollar. The position of foreign exchange reserve remained comfortable in this period. While in 1996 workers remittances projected at $1575 million against $1461 million. Quota management policy was announced and tariff rates were reduced from 45% to 65% foreign exchange reserve declined in this year. 1997 there was a marked fluctuations in foreign exchange reserve and it is declined of about 41%. 1998 it was period of deep recessions, slow global economic activity and collapse of international commodity prices exhibited more adverse effects. There was low foreign exchange reserve. 999 in this time government maintain a stable foreign exchange rate despite the countrys balance of payments situation remained under pressure. 2000 in this era foreign exchange reserve after fluctuations set at $1123 million. Pakistan declined in unit values of major exports items. 2001 the tragic event of sep 11 made major growth into recessions. 2002 foreign reserves crossed $10 billion 1st time in history . 200 3 foreign reserves stood at $12. 505 billion made impressive build up and now economy could bare any abnormal shock. 2004-05 foreign reserves are maintained at high 13000. m many factors contributed in this are private transfers, remittances, increased proceeds floatation of bonds and higher foreign direct investment. 2006 foreign exchange reserves crossed 14 billion and it is due to private transfers. 2007 there were less foreign exchange reserves as compared to previous year. 2008 there was high depletion in foreign exchange reserve. 2009 improvements are made so that stability came in exchange rate and foreign currency deposits increases. 2010 rising trend in reserves reached 17. 1 billion this was due to emergency natural disaster assistance. This is was the history of foreign reserves.

3 Literary Essay Tips to Produce the Piece of Art in Academic Writing

Literary essay writing is a type of formal writing that students may encounter at different levels of education school, college and university. It is possible to face this task even if your main area of expertise isnt the Literary Studies at all. Adore literature? Look at what careers in Literature are available to you today. But still, lets get back to the point essay writing. Effectively-written essays have become an inextricable component of the academic curriculum. Essays are an important part of school assignments, standardized tests and a form and requirement for a school application. But how does it belong to literature? If you want to know more about literary essay writing, this article is for you. Youll know what a literary essay is and what specifics it has. Proceed with reading it to the end to find out what tips it is worth to follow! And write a good literary essay! What is a Good Literary Essay? In general, a literary essay is defined as a piece of writing that offers the authors point of view based on his/her strong arguments retrieved from a literary work. In other words, it is an academic assignment given to a student to measure a work of literature from various perspectives its structure, form, and content, plot and subplot, theme, characters, images, and so on. The main essence of writing a literary essay is to analyze a specific literary piece of work. Know what belongs to it? Indeed, if you think that literary works are limited with works of literature only, you are wrong. Besides Stephen King and Joanne Rowling, you can evaluate all works expressed in print or writing. As a result, all dramatic, musical, poetic works can be evaluated by you in a literary essay. Lets take an example: youre analyzing a musical drama, Lerner and Loewes My Fair Lady. You know that it is based on play Pygmalion by George Bernard Shaw. Its a highly popular book with many reviews all over the Internet. If you read those reviews, youll notice they are all about the way it is perceived by readers. Nobody rejects the fact the originality of writing is considered as a matter of priority. Youre allowed to share your own impressions in a literary analysis based both on a book and play. Remember your literary essay should be written in a structured format with a detailed analysis of all components every literary work has: How Does a Literary Essay Introduction Look? What Does a Literary Essay Body Paragraph Contain? After you introduce the main idea that is related to your literary essay, it is logical to develop it from various angles of a literary analysis regarding the question words what, who, how and why. The part dealing with the development of the central idea of a literary analysis essay is called the body. The term regularly used for the development of the central idea of a literary analysis essay is the body with at least 3 physical paragraphs. Each of the paragraphs youre writing must have: Topic sentence, i.e. the first sentence stating the subpoint of the thesis statement which you have mentioned. So you need to tie all the details of the paragraph together tight so that it will be logically complete; Textual evidence, i.e. the supporting detail relevant to the main point and subpoint you state in the topic sentence. It can be either a paraphrase of content or direct quotation from a book. The latter plays a greater role in accessing your ability to analyze a literary work. Just remember it! Closing sentence, i.e. the last sentence of a paragraph to have it logically completed. Its up to you what way of closing to choose, but dont forget to use transitions. The simplest way is to count your main points with the help of Firstly, Secondly, Thirdly, and so on. But there are many other transitional expressions you can use in your literary essay. How to Draw a Conclusion for a Literary Essay? Eventually, your essay is coming to an end when all the final words are being written. What are these final words in your literary essay? Firstly, you remind your readers of the essay question. Secondly, you provide the main essay argument(s) briefly. Thirdly, make a relevant comment about the literary work you are analyzing it can a comment on liking or disliking it, or the works value or disvalue. Indeed, there are many ways to make a conclusion. Just look them through. Going to switch off your computer or other electronic devices you work on immediately after putting a full point? Stop, stop, stop! Reread a written essay to make sure that everything corresponds to the requirements given to you. Make all the necessary revisions before submitting any of your papers. Remember this once and for all! 3 Literary Essay Writing Challenges to Overcome Beforehand At any stage of writing, a student may encounter some challenges. So writing a literary essay is no exception. Lets look at 3 possible issues you may experience with the most effective ways of dealing with each of them: #1 Reading and Analyzing Processes Without any doubt, you realize that before writing a well-analyzed literary essay, you need to read a piece of literature. Agree that reading and analyzing is better done with a short story, for example, The Gift of the Magi by O. Henry, than with a novel, War and Peace by Lev Tolstoy, for example? So, find enough time to accomplish these stages effectively. Its up to you what way of reading to choose, but remember the way of how to read a book has an impact on your final literary essay writing. It is found that you are more likely to remember content if you read it out loud. Besides it, you can try out: Color marking of the main ideas in the text; Using sticky-notes with the main points of content; Charting character development, etc. #2 Gathering All the Details Essential for the Literary Analysis When you are asked to do a literary analysis in essays, you should think about how and why a poem, short story, novel, or play was written. For that reason, you should collect all the necessary information about a specific literary work. Pay attention to the arrangement of ideas and/or incidents that make up a story, setting, characters, figurative language, imagery, symbolism, etc. How to gather all that? While reading a literary piece of work, it is better to have a pen or several highlighters at hand for: Underlining or copy-pasting direct quotations from a book or any other literary work; Marking each point with the help of corresponding colors on paper; Drawing graphic organizers to show the content illustratively. For example, this graphic organizer shows the main steps in writing a literary essay and its results: #3 Writing a Literary Essay Analysis Itself It would seem as if every obstacle in the path of dealing with a literary essay was overcome. But it isnt worth to forget that after reading a book, gathering all the essential information to do an in-depth analysis, you have to think of words that could make your essay informative, easy to follow and remember. Moreover, all the information given in your literary essay must be well-structured and formatted properly. Here, besides the question, How to write my literary essay?,the question becomes, in turn, How to structure and format my literary essay? Know what comes to help? Outlining or mapping all the main ideas of an essay; Following the Introduction + Body + Conclusion structure; The guide on how to write a literary analysis essay, the guide on writing essays in the English Language and Literature or the guide to an academic writing style; The citation guidelines according to the last editions of the style manuals: Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association, 6th edition; MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, 7th edition; The Chicago Manual of Style, 16th edition; The Manual for Writers of Research Papers, Theses, and Dissertations, 8th edition. Some literary essays are written as good examples of formatting in APA, MLA, Harvard, Turabian or Chicago. Weve just mentioned three main challenges you may face after being assigned a literary essay. However, there are many other obstacles appearing in your way no matter what task is in front of you procrastination, the lack of time, poor time management and writing skills. The list goes on and so on indefinitely Stop putting off the moment when you start getting inspired by the art of your own writing!

Critical Review of Chapter 1 and 2 of the book Globalization A Very Short Introduction, by Manfred B. Steger

Critical Review of Chapter 1 and 2 of the book Globalization A Very Short Introduction, by Manfred B. Steger The problem The world is facing a rapid growth in economic, social and political integration. Globalisation has resulted to movement of factors of trade among countries. Globalisation has been favoured by scientific invention and innovation of communication and transport networks. Globalization is a process of integration of regional economies and cultures into a global network of trade. In most cases, the term globalization is used in economic terms.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Review of Chapter 1 and 2 of the book Globalization: A Very Short Introduction, by Manfred B. Steger specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Economic globalization refers to the increase in national interdependence of economies through an increment in international trade. It is the process of promoting economic integration between economies of different countries with the aim of establishing a global market. The main issue facing the wo rld is how to manage globalisation and litigate negative effects it brings to humanity (Schulte, 2000). Dimension of the problem Although globalisation has brought numerous advantages to the world, other areas are affected negatively. In the competitiveness of producing, resources have been over-exploited, secondly the availability of goods from other countries have resulted to slow growth of domestic companies especially in countries where the level of technology is lower. Developing countries are seen to be lagging behind because of globalisation since they lack the curiosity of developing means of producing better commodities since what they want can be gotten from the world market. With the differences in economic potential, some countries are lagging behind economically (Manfred, 2003). Evaluating the problem Globalisation is on a high rise with an increasing number of countries accepting to open its borders for trade with other countries. The move has created a larger market o f goods and services in the world domain. With an increased demand, countries and companies are working hard to produce goods that will feed the markets and remain competitive. The demand for goods in the world market have positive and negative gains, it has lead to more customer sovereignty since a customer has a large access to goods and services from different parts of the world. Globalisation started in the form of an F.T.A. (Free Trade Agreement), whereby international bodies like W.T.O. (World Trade Organization) discouraged restrictions to trade. Globalisation has made international trade easier through the removal of trade barriers and tariffs. Globalisation is not a current issue but can be traced from early days. Pre-modern globalization was evident in the 19th century; the era of industrial revolution that utilized economies of scale to produce low priced household goods. During the time, population grew rapidly and living standard reduced drastically; the situation of th e world triggered international and national policy makers to come up with strategies to cure the world’s economic problem.Advertising Looking for essay on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More With the start of world war one, pre-modern globalization began to break and some economies believed that the financial forces that were as a result of globalization had led to the emergence of the war. In early 1930s, came the great depression that affected economies of many countries especially those which had embraced globalization (Schulte, 2000). Globalisation discourages protection of investors in order to promote their capital investments; it calls for economic integration where good and services, labour and capital find their way in the country where they can be put into maximum use. Today, the global economy has increased to significant levels and all this have been facilitated by trade agreement s. Several factors influence globalization that includes socio cultural, technological, economic and political factors. Globalization can also be used to refer to the national movement of culture, languages and ideas. This paper looks into the history of globalization, international trade, international financing and gives the merits and demerits of globalization (Manfred, 2003). What type of evidence is offered? The two chapters are introductory chapters in the topic of globalisation. They have considered historical trends in the world market and used textual information to explain the trend in the world. The writer tries to connect what was happening in yester years to what the world is going through. The uniqueness of the chapters is how simple they bring out the issue of globalisation in the current context deviating from past performances in the world. Interpolation of the chapters The chapters introduce the issue of globalisation in a starlight forward way, in chapter one, the writer puts much emphasis of macro or general explanation of the world situation and trade. As the chapter unfolds, he brings the trend that the world has come through to reach to the current position. In the second chapter, having given a background of the topic, the writer goes back in time to examine the situation from past occurrences in the world. The writer discusses some historical issues that might have been ignored but in real sense, they contributed to globalisation. Although people have different interpolations, what the chapters are bring out is the trend that globalisation has taken to bring the world to its current level (Manfred, 2003). Conclusion In both chapter one and two, the writer introduced the topic of the book that is globalisation. He creates background information from a macro perspective and explains the topic in a straightforward manner using historical and modern trend in the world. In the chapters, the writer discusses elements globalisation as well as their role in the world current economic, social and political situation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Critical Review of Chapter 1 and 2 of the book Globalization: A Very Short Introduction, by Manfred B. Steger specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More References Manfred, B.(2003).Globalization: a very short introduction. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Schulte, J. A. (2000). Globalization: a critical introduction. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

The Louisiana Purchase Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Louisiana Purchase - Research Paper Example Initially, France owned huge land areas dotted along the Mississippi’s western area. The area is called Louisiana. France owned and managed the Louisiana from 1699 until 1762. In 1762, France gave the Louisiana land area to its Friendly neighbor, Spain. However, the French Conqueror, General Napoleon Bonaparte, retrieved the Louisiana property from Spain. Thinking of dominating the large Louisiana expanse filled Bonaparte’s initial penchant. As time went on, Bonaparte realized some troubling reasons that holding to the Louisiana land area were not viable. One bothering reason was a French Commander’s lost in a battle held in Saint Dominque (current Haiti nation). The Haiti war took lots of French soldier deaths. With the defeat of Napoleon Bonaparte’s French army in Haiti, under Bonaparte’s brother in law, Bonaparte was thinking of selling lands to pay for Bonaparte’s continuing European war activities (Fleming 2003). Magdalena Alagna (2004) mentions many of the Haiti –based French troops were dying from Yellow fever during the Haiti war campaign. The same Haiti war drained the French coffers significantly. Continuing to pay for the expenses of the Haiti war would eliminate the connection to the ports of North America’s southern shipping lines. Another bothering reason is the increasing American population. Further, France was forced to sell the Louisiana property. With the population growth trend, France felt that it would be impossible to stop the encroaching American population from overflowing into the French territory of Louisiana. Bonaparte decided to transfer the funds allocated to maintaining Louisiana to pay for the cost of invading

Hospitality Operations of Alltalia Airlines Research Paper

Hospitality Operations of Alltalia Airlines - Research Paper Example The management is in disarray since it cannot possibly determine the source of the problem. The company that had a capital base of more than three million dollars and over two hundred employees has now shrunk to about five jumbo jets and other smaller jets with monthly revenue of six million dollars down from the previous eleven million monthly incomes. The current revenue cannot comfortably sustain the operations of the industry a fact that has resulted in the company retrenching some of its employees. The hospitality industry has a number of challenges and requires an extremely vigilant and dynamic management to process and effect policies that counter the challenges. Some of these challenges include understanding the market. Stakeholder analysis According to Slattery (2008), no business exists in a vacuum. Before setting up a business, one must have an effective understanding of the market and the entire community. Operations in the hospitality industry have a number of smaller co mmunities that must integrate for the business to succeed. The management requires a fundamental understanding of all these communities and effective operational policies that incorporates all of them. These communities are the global community, the industry community, business community and the local community. The global community determines the scope of the business, by understanding the global community in the hospitality industry, the Alitalia airlines will determine the global destinations that have a sizable customer base and the new global destinations to introduce to make the business relevant to the market (Painter, 2012). By understanding the industry community, Alitalia airline stays conscious of its competitions. In analyzing the competition, the manager determines the weaknesses of the current existing companies and majors on their weaknesses to introduce unique products that complement the weaknesses thus grabbing the market from the previous owners. The industry also reveals the stratification of the current market. Through this, the management formulates products that target every segment of the market thus maximizing sales through an increased presence. Understanding the business community is one of the most important determiners of the success of the market. This includes having an effective human resource management. Operations in the hospitality industry rely on the human resource, the employees of the companies require effective management to ensure that there is an efficient flow of information and optimum service delivery to the customers resulting in satisfaction. The management must determine cost-effective ways of hiring the human resource and keeping them highly motivated. Alitalia is currently retrenching its employees a clear indication of the human resource management flaws (Lane, 2005).

Reasons For Using Jungle Computing Systems Information Technology Essay

Reasons For Using Jungle Computing Systems Information Technology Essay The application of high-performance and distributed computing in scientific practice has become more importance, among the most available platforms such as clusters, grids and cloud systems. These infrastructures are now undergoing many changed due to the integration of core technologies, providing speed improvements for selected compute kernels. As the distributed and high-performance computing is becoming more heterogeneous and hierarchical, complexity in programming is increased. Further, these complexities arise due to urgent desire for scalability and issues like data distribution, heterogeneity in software and hardware availability. These issues force scientists into simultaneous use of multiple platforms (e.g. clusters, grids and clouds used concurrently). 6.1 Jungle Computing Jungle Computing is a distributed computing paradigm. It simply emerged out of the plethora of distributed resources available. A Jungle Computing System consists of all compute resources available to end-users, which includes clusters, clouds, grids, desktop grids, supercomputers, as well as stand-alone machines and even mobile devices. There are several reasons for using Jungle Computing Systems. Firstly, an application may require more compute power than available in any one system a user has access to. Secondly, different parts of an application may have different computational requirements, with no single system that meets all requirements. From a high-level view, all resources in a Jungle Computing System are in some way equal, all consisting of some amount of processing power, memory and possibly storage. End-users perceive these resources as just that: a compute resource to run their application on. Whether this resource is located in a remote cloud or located down the hall in a cluster, is of no interest to an end-user, as long as his or her application runs effectively. Despite this similarity of resources, a Jungle Computing System is highly heterogeneous. Resources differ in basic properties such as processor architecture, amount of memory and performance. As there is no central administration of these unrelated systems, installed software such as compilers and libraries will also differ. For example, where a stand-alone machine is usually permanently available, a grid resource will have to be reserved, while a cloud requires a credit card to gain access. Also, the middleware used to access a resource differs greatly because of using different interfaces. The heterogeneity of Jungle Computing Systems makes it hard to run applications on multiple resources. For each used resource, the application may have to be re-compiled or even partially re-written, to handle the changes in software and hardware available. Moreover, for each resource, a different middleware interface may be available, requiring different middleware client software. Once an application has been successfully started in a Jungle, another aspect that hinders usage of Jungle Computing Systems is the lack of connectivity between resources. 6.2 Jungle Computing Systems When grid computing was introduced over a decade ago, its foremost visionary aim was to provide efficient and transparent (i.e. easy-to-use) wall-socket computing over a distributed set of resources. Since then, many other distributed computing paradigms have been introduced, including peer-to-peer computing, volunteer computing and more recently cloud computing. These paradigms all share many of the goals of grid computing, eventually aiming to provide end-users with access to distributed resources (ultimately even at a world-wide scale) with as little effort as possible. These new distributed computing paradigms have led to a diverse collection of resources available to research scientists, which include stand-alone machines, cluster systems, grids, clouds, desktop grids, etc. With clusters, grids and clouds thus being equipped with multi-core processors and many-core add-ons, systems available to scientists are becoming increasingly hard to program and use. Despite the fact that the programming and efficient use of many-cores is known to be hard, this is not the only problem. With the increasing heterogeneity of the underlying hardware, the efficient mapping of computational problems onto the bare metal has become vastly more complex. Now more than ever, programmers must be aware of the potential for parallelism at all levels of granularity. But the problem is even more severe. Given the ever increasing desire for speed and scalability in many scientific research domains, the use of a single high-performance computing platform is often not sufficient. The need to access multiple platforms concurrently from within a single application often is due to the impossibility of reserving a sufficient number of compute nodes at once in a single multi-user system. Moreover, additional issues such as the distributed nature of end-users, simultaneously comprising any number of clusters, grids, clouds and other compute platforms. Summary For every new technology several research frontiers are to be exploited. So in Cloud computing. Topics of such a kind are effective data protection in Internet clouds, innovative applications on the clouds, data centers and the Internet of things (IoT). The material in the Chapter 1 deals with future trends of cloud computing, next-generation services related to cloud computing are explained. With the emergence of the mobile cloud, more and more productivity applications residing on mobile devices are developed. Chapter 2 details how mobile and cloud computing can be combined and also exploits its key requirements. It is time to design and build computing systems capable of running adjusting to different circumstances and using their resources to handle most efficiently the workloads we put upon them. These autonomic systems combined with cloud computing is called as Autonomic Cloud computing is discussed in Chapter 3. With Web 2.03.0, Internet multimedia is emerging as services. To provide rich services in media, multimedia computing became a promising technology to generate, edit, process, search media contents which includes audio, image, video and graphics. Chapter 4 presents principal concepts of multimedia cloud computing. Energy efficiency is an important aspect IT field. Energy consumption, resource utilization and performances of workloads in Cloud are dealt in Chapter 5. We need a platform which will need speed and scalability in everyday scientific practice and the resources employed by end-users are often more diverse than those contained in a single cluster, grid, or cloud system. Jungle Computing is explained in Chapter 6.

Self-Made Misery in Blake’s London Essay -- Blakes London Essays

Self-Made Misery in Blake’s London  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The poet William Blake paints a picture of the dirty, miserable streets of London in his poem, "London". He describes the wretched people at the bottom of the society, the chimney-sweeps, soldiers, and harlots. These people cry out from their pain and the injustices done to them. The entire poem centers around the wails of these people and what they have become due to wrongs done to them by the rest of society, primarily institutions such as the church and government. Are these people really wronged, however? The poem seems to suggest that the injustices they have been subjected to are of their own making. In Blake's poem he says that as he passes through London he sees a "mark in every face [he] meet[s]/ Marks of weakness, marks of woe." (3-4) He talks about how everywhere he hears cries of fear and suppression. The church seems to be ignoring the cry of the poor chimney-sweep in lines nine and ten. The soldier dies on the palace walls with a sigh. These are examples of the wretchedness of the lives that people lead. The central ide...

The Buddhist Concepts of Rebirth and Release

Buddhism begins and ends with Buddha’s enlightenment experience, for this the ultimate source of Buddhist teachings and there are a mean towards moral and spititual development culminating in a Buddha like experience. At his enlightenment, the Buddha gained direct knowledge of rebirth, karma, and the four holy truths (Harvey, 1990, p. 32).In the first public teaching (known as the â€Å"turning of the wheel of dharma†) Siddhartha Gautam, the historical Buddha is said to have set out the fundamentals of Buddhist doctrine and practice and then proceeded to outline the four noble truths- the kernels of Buddhist doctrine which are duhkha, trsna, nirvana and the way to achieve nirvana. Birth, old age, sickness and death which give duhkha (sadness) are unsatisfactory, and the cause of this unsatisfatoriness gives rise to craving (trsna). End to this unsatisfactory state of mind can be achieved through nirvana.The eight steps to the path of nirvana involve the development of a ppropriate view, intention, speech, action, livelihood, effort, mindfulness and finally appropriate meditative concentration. This Buddhist doctrine constitutes the essence of the Buddhist world view and provides the basis and context of all subsequent Buddhist philosophical reflection (King, 1999, p. 76). After six years of meditation, Buddha attained spiritual enlightenment or nirvana. Budha preached for forty five years and died at the age of ninety years.Buddhist enlightenment is related to the attainment of the five supernatural powers, but their attainment is not, the Buddha concluded, in itself the realisation of enlightenment (Iizuka, 1995, p. 151). The action and interest of those who attain nirvana are completely detached from all images and sound. However, internally the mind is in a condition of most intense activity. Since the person has reached the fullest stretch of his mental and spiritual capacity, and at a level of highest transcendental consciousness, he is infini tely at peace with himself (Iizuka, 153).According to Buddha, duhkha happens everywhere all the time because nothing is perfect in this world. Every life has the kamma (force) from the person’s previous lives, and being reborn means that everyone always suffers from the force of their previous lives. This means no life is perfect and only when people have reached nirvana will they be able to overcome duhkha. Duhkha according to Buddha is caused by selfishness and all our sufferings are caused by this selfishness. The ultimate goal of the people should be to break from this never ending cycle of rebirth.By stopping greed and selfishness, one can break out of the rebirth cycle, which brings perfect freedom in the form of nirvana (Penney, p. 14). The Buddhist believe that the ultimate goal of meditation is nirvana, liberation from samsara, liberation from the ever repeated cycle of death and rebirth conditioned by Karma, in which all deluded beings are caught up. The doctrine of rebirth formed an essential part of the world view which the Buddha inherited. Thus, the Buddha accepted that the goal of all spiritual striving was nirvana, release from rebirth.Consequently, he interpreted his own experience of enlightenment as the attainment of that goal (Bucknell, and Fox, 1983). Rebirth in Buddhism is seen both as a process which takes place after death, and also as a process taking place during life. This means, we are constantly changing during life, ‘reborn’ as a ‘different’ person according to our mood, the task we are involved in, or the people we are relating to. We may experience ‘heavenly’ or hellish state of mind depending on how we act.According to Buddhist philosophy, it is reasonable to suppose that this process of change, determined by the nature of our actions, does not abruptly stop at death, but carries on (Harvey, p. 45). Our present form and circumstances of life are part of an uninterrupted series of se parate existences that streak back into the distance past and will continue on into the interminable future. A constant and uninterrupted flow of beings living in the different stratified levels and passing on from one to another was the very essence of the world view called samsara.The schemes of things, rewards and punishments, human conditions in high or low states, all had their reasons for existence in this cosmic flux of inter-connected events and states. The conclusive evidence of Sakyamuni Buddha’s supreme enlightenment confirmed and endorsed the essential elements of the processes of samsara and rebirth (Cheetham, 1994, p. 9). Rebirth is a casual link between one life and the next, and not a soul reincarnating. Only a casual connection links one life to another, so our karmic accumulation conditions our next life.Contemplating rebirth helps us accept our own death without falling into the two extremes of eternalism or nihilism. The positive side of this rebirth conce pt is focussing an individual’s attention and energy to the present and make the most of one’s life. This constructive aspect of Buddhism while makes one realise about the transient nature of life, give them scope for improving the same to be able to rise to a higher realm (Halls, 2003, p. 54 ). The realm a being is born is determined by karma which is a ‘beings’ intentional actions of body, speech and mind, whatever is done, said or even just thought with intention or purpose.Though, rebirth in the lower realms is considered to be the result of relatively unwholesome or bad karma, rebirth in the higher realms is the result of relatively wholesome or good karma. Correspondingly, the lower the realm, the more unpleasant and unhappy is one’s condition; the higher the realm the more pleasant, happy, tranquil and refined one’s condition is. This rebirth hierarchy does not however constitute a simple ladder to climb and passing out at the top into nirvana or release.Nirvana or release may be obtained from any of the realms, from the human to the highest of the pure abodes and the four formless realms but not from the four lowest realms. Yet, rather than attaining nirvana or release, human beings generally rise and fall through the various realms which are precisely the nature of the samsara, i. e. wandering from life to life with no particular direction or purpose (Gethin, 1998, p. 119). The cycle of rebirth is thus seen as involving innumerable lives over vast stretches of time.If the cycle only involved human rebirths, it would have been difficult for a Buddhist to explain the population explosion. However, the cycle is seen to involve many other forms of life, such as animals so that readjustments between populations are made possible. This introduces the idea of different realms of rebirth. The first two of these realms are those of humans and animals kingdom. The latter includes sentient creatures as simple as insects. Plants are not included, although they are seen as having a very rudimentary consciousness, in the form of sensitivity to the touch.There are also realms of beings that are not normally visible, such as the realms of ‘petas’ or departed. As these are seen as having made of ‘subtle matters’, such a rebirth does not involve re-incarnation, that is getting a gross physical body again. In Buddhist painting of life cycle and rebirth, petas are seen as frustrated ghostly beings that frequent human world due to their strong earthly attachments (Harvey, 1990, p. 33). The Buddhist although believe in rebirth, do not accept that there is any substantial entity of self (atman) being reborn in this process.There is simply the process itself. Buddhist philosophical texts tend to represent rebirth using analogies of dynamic and ever changing processes, such as the flowing of a river or the flickering flame of a candle. Thus to talk about identity or the difference betwee n life in this Buddhist cycle of rebirth is inappropriate (King, 1999, p. 81). Nirvana is a difficult concept but traditional Buddhist understanding of Nirvana is quite clear. Literally nirvana means ‘blowing out’ or ‘extinguishing’, although Buddhist like to explain it as ‘the absence of craving’.When a being reaches a state of nirvana, the defilements of greed, hatred, and delusion no longer arise in his or her mind, since they have been thoroughly rooted out. Yet, like the Buddha, any person who attains nirvana does not remain thereafter forever absorbed in some transcendental state of mind. On the contrary, he or she continues to live in this world, with the difference that his thoughts and deeds are completely free of the motivations of greed, aversion and delusion and motivated instead entirely by generosity, friendliness and wisdom.This condition of extinguishing the defilement can be termed nirvana with the remainder of life. Eventually , the reminder of life, like all beings, such a person must die. But unlike other beings, who have not experienced nirvana, he or she will not be reborn into some new life. Instead of being reborn, the person attains parinirvanas, which means that the five aggregates of physical and mental phenomena that constitute a being cease to occur (Gethin, 1998, p. 75). Persons with various deluded mind will not attain nirvana or release and these views are called prapanca.When one gains insight into and realises the dharmakaya, which in effect is the noble truth of cessation with respect to any or all form of prapanca, or self view, one attains the Buddha nature. It is the theories of self and attachment to self that bind us. Buddha nature thought, like the rest of Buddhism, aims to release us from this bondage. The Dharmakaya or Buddha nature, as the truth of cessation represents the active releasing from bondage that constitutes the Buddha way. Hence Buddha nature is not a substantive enti ty, not a self mind, but the cessation of all self views (King, 1991, p.95). The Buddha’s noble eighth fold path to liberation from suffering emphasized practical discipline and direct experience to countermand the human tendency to theorize about spiritual life and reify rather than to encounter it directly. The eight member of the noble eighth-fold path termed â€Å"samyak Samadhi† consists of eight stages of meditative practices known as jhana in Pali, for the purpose of transcending individuated consciousness and leading to enlightenment or nirvana (Whicher, 1998, P. 313).One of the central images of Buddhism is that of crossing the ocean of samsara and arriving at the other shore of nirvana or enlightenment, which is journey from the troubling world to the world as Buddha land. In Buddhism, this path or crossing to nirvana is the most difficult one, and there is no guarantee of completion of this path. The ocean of life is full of turbulence and this turbulent nat ure of life’s ocean is an intimate function of our own intentions or karma which we create through actions motivated by our likings and disliking.Since these troubles are our own creation, we must undo the trouble as well. Buddhist salvation is not breaking away from the world but about freeing all things by undoing the dualistic knot of our karma and the stranglehold of our habitually held likes and dislikes (Hershock, 1999, p. 111). In Buddhism, denial of the reality of the self in man is called absolute anatta. The anatta doctrine of the Buddhist philosophy has been from early times a pillar of Buddha dogma, together with all pervading impermanence and suffering.This doctrine is consistently propounded by orthodox Buddhists as one of the most outstanding characteristics of their system. The anatta doctrine raises many questions such as the reality of the moral agent and the existence and nature of moral responsibility, the continuity of individuality in the rebirth cycle, the nature of kamma, and the way it works and the relation of nirbana to the individual who attain it. However, Buddha refuses to answer the question whether the liberated man exists or does not exist after death.However, most of the Buddhist text implies that the liberated man is the personification of all reality (Ramon, 1980, p. 1-2). To conclude, the essence of life according to Buddhism is karma. Karma is called the law of cause and effect, which means every action we undertake creates a cause that will have in some point of time- even in rebirth have an effect. Our bad action in life will bring negative results and good actions will be rewarded with positive results. This is the ethical way how karma operates. This will keep in check our negative traits, and help us behave mindfully.The wheels of life in Buddhism signify through different symbolism the causes for this cycle of rebirth. Three animals at the center of the wheel symbolises endless cycles of sufferings with one ne gative action causing the next. The pig depicts the erroneous perception about the world and cock signifies ignorance about our own existence, giving rise to craving, lust, and desire. The ultimate negativism arising out of wrong perception of life is hatred and anger, symbolised in the wheel in the form of snake.The picture of Buddha at the top let of the picture symbolises liberation from ignorance, desire and hatred which are causes of all our sufferings. Thus liberation of the soul can be realised by following Buddha path and the ultimate attainment of nirvana (Halls, 2003, p. 50). References Bucknell, R. S and Fox, M. X (1983) The ‘three knowledges’ of Buddhism: Implications of Buddhadasa's interpretation of rebirth, Religion, Volume 13, Issue 2, pp. 99-112 Cheetham, E (1994) Fundamentals of Mainstream Buddhism, Charles E Turtle company Inc, USAGethin, R (1998) The Foundations of Buddhism, Oxford University Press, NY Halls, G. F (2003) the Illustrated Encyclopaedia of Buddhist Wisdom, Octopus Publishing Groups Harvey, B. P (1990) An Introduction to Buddhism: Teachings, History and Practices, Cambridge University Press Hershock, P. D (1999) Reinventing the wheel: A Buddhist response to the information age, Sunny Series of Philosophy and Biology, Albany, State University of New York Press IIzuka, T (1995) The Quest for life: Zen in business and life, New York University Press.King, R (1999) Indian Philosophy: An introduction to Hindu and Buddhist Thought, Edinburg University Press King, S. B (1991) Buddha Nature, Albany State University of New York Press Penney, S (1995) Buddhism, Core edition, Heinmann Educational Publishers, P. 48 Ramon, J. P (1980) Self and non-self in early Buddhism, Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, N. Y. Whicher, Y (1998) The Integrity of Yoga Darsana: A reconsideration of the classical yoga, Sun series in religious studies, Albany, State University of New York Press

Rabbits Are Strict Herbivores And Require A Diet High

Rabbits are strict herbivores and require a diet high in fibre. A balanced diet of grasses, hay and pellets needs to be provided in the correct ratio to ensure gastrointestinal tract motility. Adequate dental wear is required by high volumes of chewing of grasses and hay which minimises dental procedures. Rabbits require high quantities of fresh grass, dried grass products or hay and need up to 30-60g of dry food per body weight and containing at least 18% of fibre. Normal healthy rabbits should be fed between 30-60g of commercial pellets per kg of bodyweight per day. 3 (bodyweight) Ãâ€" 40g (commercial mix) = 120g The patient was prescribed Ox Bow Organic Pellets. It is specially produced for rabbits, equipped with essential vitamins and minerals. It contains a wholesome mixture of organic elements including, high fibre hay, and rich in antioxidants and has a balanced omega 3 oils and 6 fatty acids. Some rabbits fed rabbit mix’s are selective feeders and may reject the higher fibre items in the mix. Vitamins and minerals are incorporated in the pellet mix andrejection can produce a diet deficient in calcium, vitamin D and other nutrients. This is why we need to encourage rabbits to eat all the ingredients by offering small amounts and refilling the container only when all the food has been consumed.  © 2014. Veterinary Nurse Solutions Pty Ltd V1.0 page 98 of 107. Gastrointestinal tract of rabbits Mouth: This is the first part of the rabbit’s digestive system. The lips