Changing the Nature of Higher Education Research Paper

Changing the Nature of Higher Education - Research Paper Example n model, there was an approved arrangement for â€Å"College Senate† in one of the foundations, yet the standing rules expressed that the participation could be drawn entirely from the leading group of directs and school governors, and not from the personnel. From these, one can survey that the creation and refinement of the structure is an inheritance of the pilgrim schools which thus characterized and molded the advanced education framework in the United States to the current day. Nonetheless, Thelin (2004) proposes that we do take in numerous direct episodes from Adams about Harvard in 1858. The classes were little and had around one hundred understudies for every class with a complete enlistment of around 500. Its workforce could appreciate a high neighborhood eminence in the general public however were not generously compensated (p.63). This training in the Harvard was actualized with plan to energize them for building up the propensity for self-analysis and even self-que stion. Before the finish of the nineteenth century, different frameworks in the German advanced education, for example, perfect of cutting edge grant and doctoral projects with graduate understudies had impacts over the United States’ advanced education framework. The American college during the 1890s normally was the notable school that was inside redesigned and improved by new projects. It appeared as though a buffet for understudies and a couple of them decided on a bachelor’s qualification from that point. It was the Morril Act of 1862 added to the development of the state school into the college model of unified units (Thelin, p. 104). Nonetheless, the faculty’s training over-burden continued as before even with the venture into new framework. Just token recompenses were allowed for graduate courses and workshops while curricular contributions were for students. The execution of new scholastic frameworks came about... From the plate ussion it is clear thatâ the advanced education in the pilgrim period had been under the organization of sovereigns, rulers, and ministers for a considerable length of time. The workforce at these organizations confronted day by day examination from the authoritative board and got radical methodology from the executives who delegated them. Indeed, as Thelin states, the scholarly opportunity and the privileges of the instructor in regard to the â€Å"hiring and firing† got little thought from the specialists. At this period, a class president normally answered to the leading group of heads as opposed to the faculty. This article focuses on that a main consideration that impacted the adjustments in workforce framework was the commitments made by Charles Eliot. He picked up distinction however frequently alluded as reputation by executing intense modernizations at Harvard College. He presented an elective framework from which a few schools planned arrangements f or electives in understudy educational plan, while others supported a similar course of study. There have been confirms about actualizing more arrangements for specific offices. The personnel distinguishing proof was the factor profoundly affected by the arrangement to aggregate the schools.  The states’ quietness on issues of advanced education grounds improvement during the 1880s was not a consequence of the governments’ lack of engagement towards research, applied science or innovation. It didn't suggest that schools or colleges were frameworks for huge scope government ventures.

Women and Depression Understanding the Gender Gap Free Essays

Discouragement, if gets too extreme turns out to be terrible for an individual. It influences the individual himself as well as influences that person’s family influencing his work or school just as close to home life and his dozing and dietary patterns too. Melancholy additionally influences the prosperity of an individual such that it prompts ceaseless ailments like diabetics. We will compose a custom paper test on Ladies and Depression: Understanding the Gender Gap or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Ladies as a rule imagine that they can work through a downturn all alone, knowing this reality that they experience the ill effects of despondency more regularly than men do. They may misunderstand the possibility that the generally safe related with medicine the executives of discouragement, they may likewise accept that since they are savvy steady individuals an investigator or analyst will be of no guide; these off-base convictions are, lamentably extremely normal. At times drugs for sadness may have disturbing symptoms, for example, a sleeping disorder, tumult, or drowsiness, yet grave impacts are extremely odd. Ladies with a genuine discouragement are enduring, such badly designed, non-life threatening symptoms, which may decrease soon, by and by, are probably going to be considerably more tolerable than untreated wretchedness for a great deal of ladies. Over and over examinations have uncovered that either advising or medicine treatment, or both commonly, are extremely helpful in safely soothing melancholy in the two people. Organic factors behind sadness for ladies There come into view to be critical connections between state of mind changes and regenerative wellbeing occasions, sexual orientation contrasts in cost of misery rise when females experience adolescence and remain high all through the childbearing years and into late center period. Hormonal components seem to play a capacity in a portion of the temperament aggravation rehearsed by ladies, twenty to forty percent of discharging ladies practice premenstrual temper and social changes. Roughly two to 10% of ladies experience Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, as a few as ten to fifteen percent of ladies experience a clinical discouragement all through pregnancy or resulting to the introduction of an infant. There likewise come into view to be an expansion in sorrow during the perimenopausal period. An extra organic issue that may add to sexual orientation contrasts in discouragement can be associated with circadian mood designs, the mind boggling structure that directs rest and activity over every 24-hour time span. Discouraged ladies report more hypersomnia (a lot of dozing) than do men. The job of premenstrual factors in wretchedness Hormonal variances all through the menstrual cycle can cause the regular side effects of premenstrual disorder (PMS), for example crabbiness, weariness, swelling and passionate reactivity. For the majority of the ladies, PMS is nice, yet for various ladies, manifestations are sufficiently brutal to agitate their lives and a determination of premenstrual dysphoric confusion (PMDD) is made. In spite of the fact that the exact connection among sadness and premenstrual disorder stays obscure, some analyzes state that repetitive alterations in progesterone, estrogen and extra hormones can disturb the job of cerebrum synthetic substances for example serotonin that oversee temperament. All things considered, since such hormonal changes occur in most of ladies, yet not all ladies develop misery, hormonal changes can’t be the just explanation of melancholy in ladies. Hereditary inclination or different issues likewise can control the advancement of wretchedness. Post pregnancy anxiety Depression resulting to labor is known as post birth anxiety, hormonal changes may initiate indications of post birth anxiety, while a lady is pregnant, phases of the female hormones estrogen and progesterone supports significantly. In the underlying 24 hours following labor, hormone levels quickly come back to standard. Scientists accept the immense change in hormone levels may direct to sorrow. Levels of thyroid hormones can likewise fall subsequent to conceiving an offspring, which causes indications of sadness. Job of perimenopause and menopause in a woman’s sorrow Perimenopause is the center time frame sooner than menopause, which is set apart by a twelve month’s end of a woman’s menstrual cycle, all through perimenopause, hormones change profoundly and scarcely any ladies feel a modification in state of mind, nervousness and gloom. All through this period of progress, ladies begin contemplating their accomplishments so far, ladies much of the time see this time as a turning end, not exclusively are perimenopausa l ladies analyzing their life so far, they are rehearsing hormonal changes that are impacting them genuinely. Negative and positive job of social and social factors in a woman’s gloom Role strain †Women much of the time experience job strain over conflicting and overpowering duties throughout their life, the extra jobs a lady is relied upon to play (mother, spouse, working lady), the extra defenseless she is to job strain and following pressure and misery. Research indicates that single parents are multiple times more likely than wedded moms to rehearse a scene of principle discouragement. Costello, 1993). Inconsistent force and status †Women’s near absence of intensity and position in the public arena may direct to sentiments of vulnerability, this feeling of defenselessness puts ladies at bigger hazard for discouragement, and these emotions might be irritated by segregation in the work environment prompting underemployment or being without an occupation. An extra causal factor is society’s significance on youth, magnificence, and slimness in ladies, character istics which to an extraordinary level are out of their control. Sexual and physical maltreatment †Women are much bound to be explicitly mishandled than men, and analysts have discovered that sexual maltreatment in youth places one at extended hazard for gloom in development. Higher paces of melancholy are likewise found among victims of assault. Neediness †Poverty is more broad among ladies than men, single parents have the highest paces of destitution transversely all segment gatherings. Destitution is an unforgiving, interminable stressor than can direct to sadness. The positive effects of gloom are that when the ladies need to live with less, they in the long run figure out how to live with it and when they don't have an occupation, they will have all the more extra time to go through with the loved ones. In addition, it is acceptable as it generally offers approach to battle and improves craftsmanship and music. How can one approach getting treatment? Make solid way of life changes Lifestyle adjustments are never simple to make, yet whenever modified can bigly affect misery, self improvement techniques that can be extremely efficacious include: ? create accommodating connections ? customary exercise and adequate rest Healthy, temperament boosting diet ? Stress the executives and practice unwinding strategies ? stand up to negative idea designs Seek proficient assist Professional with aiding contains some type of treatment that offers devices to deal with sorrow from a decent variety of points, various treatments show handy strategies on the be st way to reframe negative musings and utilize conduct capacities in battling wretchedness can likewise help turning out to be through the cause of discouragement, understanding why the person in question feels a specific way, what triggers are for melancholy, and what the individual in question can do to remain sound. Do you think ladies are bound to search out treatment? Why or why not? Ladies, most importantly spouses and little girls, give the greater part of care giving, explicitly in the United States, around 12 million ladies practice sorrow every year, at about double the pace of men. An ongoing report found that numerous ladies don't search for treatment for discouragement since they are humiliated or in invalidation about being discouraged, truth be told, forty one percent of ladies checked on refered to shame or disrespect as impediment to treatment. What do you think it intends to be a lady? Being female has nothing to act with being lesser or below average; it has to do with execution in a God-appointed job, from the initiation, God discloses to us that ladies, similar to men, were shaped in His picture and resemblance, however as both genders are identical in importance and potential, their jobs are various. That’s the motivation behind why people think and act in an alternate manner and that is the reason they look not at all like. â€Å"It isn't fine that the man ought to be unaccompanied; I will make him an assistance meet for him†. Manonly was not a whole creation, he required guide, so God gave him a helpmeet, one who might execute the opposite job †with the goal that unified together the two may transform into one complete tissue. Instructions to refer to Women and Depression: Understanding the Gender Gap, Papers

Tips for Spring 2017 applicants COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog

Tips for Spring 2017 applicants COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY - SIPA Admissions Blog The Spring 2017 application deadline is just two weeks away,  and Im sure many of you are working hard to complete your applications. To help keep you on track as you work on them this weekend as I know you will be! Ive complied a list of blog posts that I know  youre going to love. Some offer essay writing tips, others are reflections from our PAs, but all are going to give you the guidance you need in order to make your admissions application stand out. Happy reading and writing! Don’t forget about these helpful blog posts   This is a great roundup of application tips from last January, and it includes everything from test scores to reference letters. So as a Spring 2017 the information is still extremely relevant since many of the posts directly address the essay questions for the current round. Bookmark this post if you havent already! Eloy’s Top 12 Application Questions   This one is mentioned in the blog post above, but its so great at answering those common email questions, I had to share it twice. Our PAs’ favorite courses at SIPA   short blurbs on the courses our PAs really liked last year. A quick read, but itll give you some great insights into the types of courses offered at SIPA. A follow-up note to recent applicant emails   If youve previously applied to SIPA, thisll be useful as well BONUS!  #SeepleTip One of my personal favorites is a series of Instagram videos that I produced last year, called #SeepleTip. Well be picking up the series sometime this year, but until then make sure you check these out!

Anne Moodys Autobiography Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay

I couldnt believe it, but it was the Klan blacklist, with my picture on it. I guess I must have sat there for about an hour holding it, says Moody in her autobiography Coming of Age in Mississippi. In Moodys response to the blacklist, one pervasive theme from her memoir becomes evident: though she participated in many of the same activist movements as her peers, Moody is separated from them by several things, chief among them being her ability to see the events of the 1960s through a wide, uncolored perspective (pun intended). Whereas many involved on either side of the civil rights movement became caught up in its objectives, Moody kept a level head and saw things as honestly as she could, even if it meant thinking negatively of her†¦show more content†¦While playing, she looks over her white friends privates, and, as is explained in the book, thinks I examined each of them three times, but I didnt see any differences. I still hadnt found that secret. Even as a child, Moody is bright enough to question the role of race in her society. In Part 2 – Teenage years Moody continues to push at the boundaries of society post-childhood, which lead to her getting involved in activist causes as a teen. After the wife of a Klan member mentions the NAACP, Moody asks her mother to tell her more about the organization. Her mother responds with scorn to the situation, refusing to tell her daughter about the NAACP and also telling her never to ask any white person about it either. Nonetheless, Moody asks another adult about the organization and eventually gets a full five hours of history on the movement. Moodys newfound knowledge of the NAACP made her more aware of the time in which she was living; in a sense, gaining a broader world view. She more or less says as much in her memoir when she writes I couldnt go on pretending I was dumb and innocent, pretending I didnt know what was going on. At the time, these views set her apart from not only her classmates, but her family as well. In Part 3 - College Prior to her attendance at her first NAACP convention Moody received a condemning letter from her mother, telling her that she is foolish for getting involved with theShow MoreRelatedAnne Moody s Coming Of Age881 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Moody, Anne. Coming of Age in Mississippi. New York: Dial, 1968. Print.† Anne Moody was a determined, educated, and an inspiring civil rights activist who was born in Gloster, Mississippi. Born on September 15th, 1940-passed away February 5th, 2015 Anne Moody dedicated her life to making the United States a better place for not only African American’s, but pleaded for equality amongst all races as well. Awarded best book of the year in 1969 by the National Library Association, Anne Moody writesRead MoreEssay about The Expansion of the Great Black Migration1253 Words   |  6 Pages Anne Moody: Coming of Age during the Great Black Migration Reviewing the life of a young girl to a woman in Wilkerson County, Mississippi, Coming of Age in Mississippi is an Autobiography written by the civil rights activist Anne Moody. Raised in the 1940s, Anne Moody experienced a point in time where Black codes and Jim Crow laws hindered the expansion of black rights in Southern parts of the United States. Seen to most as an eye opening autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi is AnneRead MoreComing Of Age Throughout Mississippi By Anne Moody1206 Words   |  5 PagesAnne Moody’s, â€Å"Coming of Age in Mississippi† is an autobiography of hers that depicts the time of injustice, racial discrimination, oppression and the hardships African Americans dealt with during this time of inequality and how it led to Civil Rights Movement. Anne Moody’s overall life experience since her young age of 4, till her age of 24 of the movement, greatly shows the struggles of the time with uses on her emotional experiences and her ana lyzing skills of her time which did not fail to catchRead MoreAnne Moody s Coming Of Age1189 Words   |  5 PagesAnne Moody is the author of Coming of Age in Mississippi which was originally published in 1968. Anne Moody is a famous African American Mississippi author who was born in Wilkinson County, Mississippi on September 15, 1940. She was the eldest of nine children born to Fred and Elnire Moody. While growing up in Mississippi, Moody attended a segregated school where she was an outstanding scholar. Moody cleaned houses in order to keep food on the table and clothes on her family members’ backs. In 1961Read MoreComing of Age in Mississippi and Segregation Essay1304 Words   |  6 PagesComing of Age in Mississippi is an autobiography of the famous Anne Moody. Moody grew up in mist of a Civil Rights Movement as a poor African American woman in rural Mississippi. Her story comprises of her trials and tribulations from life in the South during the rise of the Civil Righ ts movement. Life during this time embraced segregation, which made life for African Americans rough. As an African American woman growing up during the Civil Rights movement, Moody has a unique story on themes likeRead MoreAnne Moody s Coming Of Age Essay1088 Words   |  5 PagesAnne Moody, a black activist in the twentieth century, wrote an autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi, which illustrated how life was like growing up poor and black in the rural south. She wrote in details of her life living in the racist society and what it meant to be black in the South twentieth century. Readers were able to understand her personal thoughts as well as her memories of the fight growing up in the south and her involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. Moody grew up with aRead MoreBook Review of Coming of Age in Mississippi Essay514 Words   |  3 Pages Coming of Age in Mississippi is an autobiography by Anne Moody. It is the story of a black girl growing up in Mississippi at a time when racial discrimination was taken for granted and the NAACP movement had no formal name. In her autobiography, Anne Moody displays the hardships of living in the rural south while the Negroes were just starting their fight for equality. Her story is amazing. Life was difficult for all poor Southerners. But for a poor black family with little hope and livingRead MoreComing of Age in Mississippi by Anne Moody Essay1223 Words   |  5 PagesAnne Moodys Coming of Age in Mississippi is a narrated autobiography depicting what it was like to grow up in the South as a poor African American female. Her autobiography takes us through her life journey beginning with her at the age of four all the way through to her adult years and her involvement in the Civil Rights Movement. The book is divided into four periods: Childhood, High School, College and The Movement. Each of these periods represents the process by which she came of age withRead MoreAnne Moody s Coming Of Age During Mississippi And Non Violent Vs. Violent Protest For Civil Rights1640 Words   |  7 PagesSamuel Conner Professor M. Du Bois HIST1025-002 October 30, 2015 Dreamers Instead of Leaders: Anne Moody’s Coming of Age in Mississippi and Non-Violent vs. Violent Protest for Civil Rights The American Civil Rights Movement in the late 1950s and 1960s generated massive international following and controversy, which made the movement one of the most important in U.S. history. The movement’s legacy can still be felt today, with the positive aspects, such as voting rights to African Americans and wideRead MoreComing Of Age By Anne Moody1536 Words   |  7 Pagesmeaning to life. They were irrelevant. Whites wanted no part in them. This was especially the case in the state of Mississippi. Anne Moody, writer of the autobiography, Coming of Age in Mississippi explains the importance of the civil rights movement in the state of Mississippi and the influence it had on her life and her viewpoint. Growing up as a poor African American in Mississippi was not always an easy, especially in the 1960’s. It was a time where everyone was segregated. Blacks and whites were

Minority Health Disparities Type II Diabetes - 1742 Words

Minority Health Disparities: Type II Diabetes in African Americans Shelby Peterson HLTH 236 – 501 Jeff Guidry Texas AM University April 14, 2015 Executive Summary Type II Diabetes in African Americans is a major health disparity that is growing every day and needs to be understood more. According to the American Diabetes Association, African Americans are 1.7 times more likely to have diabetes than non-Hispanic whites (American Diabetes Association). Why is that? Scientist have been extensively trying to answer this question with various studies and experiments. Though it is not yet fully understood, small achievements have been made and answers are constantly being searched for. Testing and early diagnosis, primary prevention, access to care for everyone and improving that quality of care will make a difference in the number of casualties and people being affected in the African American community. Description Type II diabetes is a mixture of both genetic and environmental factors. It is a metabolic disorder that affects the way the body processes blood sugar due to the fact that the body cannot produce enough insulin. The victim often feels fatigued and thirsty that leads to frequent urination. Obesity is believed to be the primary cause of Type II diabetes to those who are genetically predisposed. Based on the American Diabetes Association, non-Hispanic blacks are second in being diagnosed with diabetes with 13.2%. Type II diabetes can come with many effectsShow MoreRelated Health Promotion among Diverse Populations Essays1267 Words   |  6 Pagesï » ¿ Health Promotion among Diverse Populations Lisa A. Jennings Grand Canyon University: NRS-429V January 25, 2015 Title Hispanics are the largest and fastest growing ethnic minority group and there are estimated to be about 54 million living in the United States (Office of Minority Health Health Equity, YEAR). The Hispanics are a minority group that struggle every day to survive, to provide for their families, to stay healthy and to live quality lives. This paper will discuss theRead MoreThe Correlation Between Sedentary Life Style And Eating Habits And Development Of Type II Diabetes1363 Words   |  6 Pagesdevelopment of Type II Diabetes in African American young adults under 30 years old.† A Non-Thesis Project Presented to The Faculty of the College of Graduate Studies Lamar University In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science in Health Promotion Brittny Bratcher 12/1/2013 Introduction According to the Centers for Disease Control, diabetes is a metabolic disease that elevates the blood sugar or glucose levels in the blood. Persons with type II diabetes eitherRead MoreType II Diabetes Mellitus ( Dm )1745 Words   |  7 PagesType II Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease that influences the physical and social aspects of life for millions of people living in New York City (NYC). The excess accumulation of glucose in the blood caused by this disease can lead to the breakdown of many organs in the human body leading to increased hospitalizations and mortality. Although diabetes is a manageable disease given the appropriate care and education, the disease and its complications disproportionately affect African-AmericansRead MoreDiabetes Among Ethnic Minorities And The Aging Population1420 Words   |  6 PagesThe high number of reported new cases of diabetes yearly among ethnic minorities and the aging population is alarming. According to a report by the Cente r for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), National diabetes Statistics Report in 2014, diabetes is high among minorities; 15.9% American Indian/Alaska Native, 13.2% African American and 12.8% Hispanics. This is consistent with the community I worked with during the first part of my clinical rotation. The community of Casa de Merced in TollesonRead MoreEffects Of Diabetes On The United States968 Words   |  4 Pages The American Diabetes Association (2004) defines diabetes as a subset of metabolic diseases associated with hyperglycemia secondary to insulin failing to release, act, or both. Complications related to chronic diabetes can be detrimental to one’s health including but not limited to: heart disease, stroke, kidney disease, amputations, blindness, and other optical diseases. Furthermore, the prevalence of diabetes is rising at an astronomical rate within the United States as well as internationallyRead MoreEpidemiology Paper Part Two : Analysis And Application Ess ay1245 Words   |  5 Pagescare, quality of care and interventions to reduce disparities, and outcomes (Chin, 2005). It is important for the Doctor of Nursing Practice (DNP) to understand identification of â€Å"at risk† populations when moving to develop a plan to intervene and improve statistical health outcomes. This paper will identify an â€Å"at risk† population, address how the health risk for this population can be affected by nursing science, discuss potential barriers to health prevention and promotion activity implementationRead MoreHealthy Food Is Vital On Our Daily Lives1709 Words   |  7 Pagesinadequate â€Å"fresh† vegetables. Followed by all these burdens, there is no surprise that these low income unprivileged communities have the highest prevailing risks of obesity, diabetes, and all other preventable food relating deficiencies. Without access to healthy foods there is the absence of a nutritious diet and good health care is out of reach. Also, in the absence of grocery stores and other retailers, these communities are missing the commercial vitality needed to make neighborhoods livable andRead MoreAmerican-Indians and the United States Health System1556 Words   |  6 Pages American Indians and the United States Health System Introduction Though American Indians are enjoying an independent public health system with above $3 billion funds provided by Congress annually for delivering healthcare services to them, still figure and facts on health status of American Indians reveal that they are facing many difficulties and have to suffer from diverse type of illness and disease at a misappropriate level. Since long it was identified by medical communities that thereRead MoreThe Link Between Poverty And Diabetes1743 Words   |  7 PagesAccording to the American Diabetes Association, more Americans die each year from diabetes than from AIDS and breast cancer combined. As a result, researchers have extensively studied the causes, treatments, and interventions for diabetes. Despite efforts to ameliorate its effects, diabetes remains a prevalent danger in society. In 2014, 7% of U.S. adults were living with diagnosed diabetes (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016). In Louisiana that number was even higher - 10.4%Read MoreInsulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus ( Iddm ) Is A Metabolic Disorder Affecting The Endocrine System Essay1581 Words   |  7 PagesDiabetes (DM) is a metabolic disorder affecting the endocrine system, the physiognomies consist of either the inability to properly produce and/or use insulin by the body; resulting in unregulated blood sugar (BS) or glucose. This is typically a chronic condition, but there are some outliers that may yield the same results, such as pregnancy, surgery, medication regimen, pancreatic disease and infections. A basic review of the digestive process will help us in understanding this illness; the metabolism

Essay on Biography of Astronomer, Vera Cooper Rubin

Vera Rubin Biography - Vera Cooper Rubin was born July 23, 1928 in Philadelphia, PA. Her father was Philip Cooper, an electrical engineer, and her mother Rose. She first developed an interest in astronomy at the age of 10 while stargazing from her home in Washington D.C. Her father encouraged her to follow her dreams and took her to amateur astronomer meetings. She earned her Bachelor’s degree from Vassar University in 1948 of which she was the only astronomy major that year. Later she earned her master’s from Cornell in 1950 with her masters’ thesis was controversial and centered around the possibility of bulk rotation by looking for â€Å"sideways† motion of galaxies. She finally got her Ph.D. from Georgetown University in 1954. Her doctoral†¦show more content†¦She has been a part of many scientific organizations such as the American Association for the Advancement of Science, The American Philosophical Society, International Astronomical Union, National Academy of S ciences, the Phi Beta Kappa Society, and the Pontifical Academy of Sciences. She is the author to several books and over 200 articles about galaxies and their motions.3 Famous For- She is most notable for providing a great deal of compelling evidence, alongside Dr. Kent Ford, that proved Fritz Zwicky’s Theory of the existence of Dark Matter.2 Zwicky stated that individual galaxies within the Coma Cluster were moving so fast that if they were only held by the gravity of its visible mass that it would escape. Since he found no evidence of the cluster falling apart he concluded that there must be something else holding it together that was nearly 10 times that of visible matter, he called this Dark matter.2 While working with Dr. Ford, they began analyzing the light coming from stars in spiral galaxies. They used what is called the â€Å"Doppler effect† which states the wavelength shift is proportional to the speed of the light source relative to the observer. This uses the wavelength of light in how it is approaching or moving away from the observer. When a light source moves away from you it presents a red color and when it comes toward you it presents a blue light. After measuring several stars in different parts

Foreign Exchage Reserve of Pakistan free essay sample

The reserve assets can be categorized as gold reserve, Unallocated gold reserve, Special drawing rights, currency, Reserve position in the IMF, other transferable deposits, other deposits, debt securities, loans, investments, fund shares and financial derivatives. The quantity of foreign exchange reserves can change the central bank monetary policy but this dynamics is analyzed in the context of the exchange rate . If central bank implements a fixed exchange rate then supply and demand would tend to push the value of the currency lower or higher e. g. n increase in demand for the currency would increase the value and decrease lower and thus the central bank use reserves to maintain its fixed exchange rate. EXCHANGE RATE The rate which one currency will be exchanged for another. Exchange rate affects the foreign exchange reserves and it is adjusted according to the market demand. With the help of exchange rate local currency is adjusted so that it does not create inflation or deflati on in the country. FACTORS AFFECTING FOREIGN EXCHANGE RESERVES FROM 1980 TO 2010 In 1980 there was high foreign exchange reserve. Both exports earnings and home remittances increase beyond the expectations. IMF provides extent fund facility arrangements. In 1981 due to world recession there was crash in the demand, the appreciation of US dollar and slowdown in the home remittances. Exports were reduced due to dollar appreciation there was increase in foreign exchange reserve. In 1982 there were unfavorable conditions but some improvements occurred in economy. Despite the low international trade , exports proceeds are likely to increase because Pakistani rupee was delinked from US dollar. Due to import substitution policy production increases workers remittances increased by 28. 1% all these factors boost the foreign exchange reserve. In 1983, the trade deficit is increased to $3246 million it brings change in exchange rate and currency is depreciated from Rs=9. 90=1$, workers remittances were also low in this period thus low foreign exchange reserve. In 1984 trade deficit was increasing the gap of exchange receipts and expenditures were filled by foreign exchange reserve. After 2 difficult years Pakistan financial position improved in 1985 exports increased by 18. %, workers remittances by 5% while imports fell. With a 24% increase in loans a modest accumulation of external reserves took place. 1n 1887 our current account balance is in deficit and fulfilled by external borrowings. Fund credits and net transactions in the foreign currency accounts deficits with banks also bring change in foreign exchange reserve. In 1988 foreign exchange reserve are started at low lev el which was $875 million. During 1989 home remittances increased by 5 % and thus give positive contribution in improving the payments positions and foreign exchange reserves. Total commitments of foreign loans and grants are estimated to increase by 31%. In 1990 foreign exchange reserves are building up of $271. To cope with the critical reserve positions prime minister announced a number of measures to reform the exchange control and payments system. 1991 at this time foreign exchange reserve reached to a bare minimum then to cope this government made changes in exchange rate, payments systems and these measures shows result and foreign exchange reserve position improved. 1992 heavy rains, flood, attack to leaf curl virus disease on cotton crops, international recessions will give fall in prices. Cash foreign exchange reserve decrease by 5. 77% amounted to $ 602. 8 million. 1993 following measures are taken which results improvements in foreign exchange reserve amounted 12. 1 billion. Control on budgetary deficit, minimizing expenditure, accretion in foreign currency deposits, improvement of aid environments and larger foreign inflow makes foreign exchange reserves. 1995 workers remittances increase from negative to 29. 1%. Fall in commodity aid exports decline, imports coupled higher and devaluation of Pakistan rupee by 7% against US dollar. The position of foreign exchange reserve remained comfortable in this period. While in 1996 workers remittances projected at $1575 million against $1461 million. Quota management policy was announced and tariff rates were reduced from 45% to 65% foreign exchange reserve declined in this year. 1997 there was a marked fluctuations in foreign exchange reserve and it is declined of about 41%. 1998 it was period of deep recessions, slow global economic activity and collapse of international commodity prices exhibited more adverse effects. There was low foreign exchange reserve. 999 in this time government maintain a stable foreign exchange rate despite the countrys balance of payments situation remained under pressure. 2000 in this era foreign exchange reserve after fluctuations set at $1123 million. Pakistan declined in unit values of major exports items. 2001 the tragic event of sep 11 made major growth into recessions. 2002 foreign reserves crossed $10 billion 1st time in history . 200 3 foreign reserves stood at $12. 505 billion made impressive build up and now economy could bare any abnormal shock. 2004-05 foreign reserves are maintained at high 13000. m many factors contributed in this are private transfers, remittances, increased proceeds floatation of bonds and higher foreign direct investment. 2006 foreign exchange reserves crossed 14 billion and it is due to private transfers. 2007 there were less foreign exchange reserves as compared to previous year. 2008 there was high depletion in foreign exchange reserve. 2009 improvements are made so that stability came in exchange rate and foreign currency deposits increases. 2010 rising trend in reserves reached 17. 1 billion this was due to emergency natural disaster assistance. This is was the history of foreign reserves.